The ionosphere is a region of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km (37 mi) to 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude, source
The ionosphere is a region of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about 60 km (37 mi) to 1,000 km (620 mi) altitude,
The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation, plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. source
The ionosphere is ionized by solar radiation, plays an important part in atmospheric electricity and forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere.
The ionosphere has practical importance because, among other functions. source
The ionosphere has practical importance because, among other functions.
The ionosphere influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth. source
The ionosphere influences radio propagation to distant places on the Earth.
An ionospheric model is a mathematical description of the ionosphere as a function of location, altitude, day of year. source
An ionospheric model is a mathematical description of the ionosphere as a function of location, altitude, day of year.
The ionospheric phase of the sunspot cycle and geomagnetic activity. source
The ionospheric phase of the sunspot cycle and geomagnetic activity.
One of the most widely used models is the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). source
One of the most widely used models is the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI).
Since 1999 this model is "International Standard" for the terrestrial ionosphere (standard TS16457). source
Since 1999 this model is "International Standard" for the terrestrial ionosphere (standard TS16457).
Lightning can cause ionospheric perturbations in the D-region in one of two ways. source
Lightning can cause ionospheric perturbations in the D-region in one of two ways.
These so-called "whistler" mode waves can interact with radiation belt particles and cause them to precipitate onto the ionosphere. source
These so-called "whistler" mode waves can interact with radiation belt particles and cause them to precipitate onto the ionosphere.
In 1925, C. T. R. Wilson proposed a mechanism by which electrical discharge from lightning storms could propagate upwards from clouds to the ionosphere. source
In 1925, C. T. R. Wilson proposed a mechanism by which electrical discharge from lightning storms could propagate upwards from clouds to the ionosphere.
The ionospheric sporadic E layer (Es) appeared to be enhanced as a result of lightning but that more work was needed. source
The ionospheric sporadic E layer (Es) appeared to be enhanced as a result of lightning but that more work was needed.
Since the ionosphere is a plasma, it can be shown that the refractive index is less than unity. source
Since the ionosphere is a plasma, it can be shown that the refractive index is less than unity.
Scientists are exploring the structure of the ionosphere by a wide variety of methods. source
Scientists are exploring the structure of the ionosphere by a wide variety of methods.
Ionograms show the virtual heights and critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers and which are measured by an ionosonde. source
Ionograms show the virtual heights and critical frequencies of the ionospheric layers and which are measured by an ionosonde.
An ionosonde sweeps a range of frequencies, usually from 0.1 to 30 MHz, transmitting at vertical incidence to the ionosphere. source
An ionosonde sweeps a range of frequencies, usually from 0.1 to 30 MHz, transmitting at vertical incidence to the ionosphere.
the GOES spacecraft that measures the background X-ray flux from the Sun, a parameter more closely related to the ionization levels in the ionosphere. source
the GOES spacecraft that measures the background X-ray flux from the Sun, a parameter more closely related to the ionization levels in the ionosphere.
Planets known to have ionospheres include Venus, Uranus, Mars and Jupiter. source
Planets known to have ionospheres include Venus, Uranus, Mars and Jupiter.
Edward V. Appleton was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1947 for his confirmation in 1927 of the existence of the ionosphere. source
Edward V. Appleton was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1947 for his confirmation in 1927 of the existence of the ionosphere.
Lloyd Berkner first measured the height and density of the ionosphere. source
Lloyd Berkner first measured the height and density of the ionosphere.
